Why I Am Doing This

When Christ Jesus put forth his great commission in Matthew 28 (16-20), he did so with the understanding and expectation that we as diciples would do so to the best of are abilities. We here at Intellecual Minisitres take “The Great Commission” to another level in that we try are hardest to be the most sound mind Christians we can be, and in doing so teach and encourge others. We intrpet that to mean know what your preaching and teaching and live it. With this goal we set our sights on the ultimate role model Christ Jesus. He not only was an intellectual Jew in his day, this being seen by the diciples alling him Rabbi or Teach, but one who knew what he was teaching and preaching and lived it. We hope you will join us in this great cause and carry on the Gospel of Christ in word and in truth.

Amen!

Wednesday, August 15, 2012

A Brief Look at Jeremiah 20:12 Through the Eyes of God

  For to you I have committed my cause.
-Jeremiah 20:12

In the this chapter of Jeremiah we see the Prophet right in the face of God.  Accusing God of assault over him, absolute control over his bodily functions, and a man who is being humiliated for God’s message. But its verse 12 that stands out the most to me, Jeremiah tells God he wants to see some action done on behalf of him for he has committed his cause to God.  He has committed his life, if you will, to the service of God and therefore wants God to act on the prophets behalf.

When I see this verse I see two things (1) a prophet reaffirming his cause to God and (2) God saying the same thing to us right now.  Paul said we are the body of Christ and with that we act as one body and that body (Romans 12:5 & II Corinthians 12:27), like any other body, needs all of its parts functioning right to operate.  When we want to reach out to the world we need the whole body to be committed to reaching out.  Just like an actual human body wants to reach out it calls on the other parts to do its part so that the arms can in fact reach out.  It needs the brain to communicate to the extremities to do certain functions.  It needs the spinal cord to carry the messages the body.  It needs the feet to plant themselves firm to offset the unbalancing act of the arms reaching out in front.  The human body must come together in such a magnificent way just so the arms can reach out.

Like the human body the composed body of Christians known as the body of Christ needs to act accordingly to reach out to the world.  But it’s not that easy; we as the body of Christ have forgotten the basic message of love and acceptance that Jesus taught and instead have come to adapted separation and division.  In order for us to act as the body and begin reaching out to the world we have to first fix the body.

Just like the prophet Jeremiah committed his cause and life to God, God has done for each and every one of us (John 3:16).  He is calling us as the body face to face uttering the same words and asking us to fix ourselves, for remembers he committed his son’s life to us for our salvation. (Isaiah 53:5)
I hope in our coming days we can indeed do fix the body and start to show the world Christ in us.

God Bless
Adam, Editor

Sunday, August 12, 2012

A Message To The Body!

Show the world Christ Jesus through you! 

It really is that simple. Jesus showed he was the world's Messiah through love and acceptance, but he not only taught it, he lived it. We as Christians, followers of Christ Jesus, can live that life as well. Not through hatred and judgmental attitudes, but through love and acceptance. When we as the body stand and together say "We no longer will make excuses for hatred of the things that differ from our ways but instead will wholeheartedly accept all and let God set the sin right through his own way. For remember Jesus did not shun the sinner, he accepted them for their flaws and sins. If we too do this we can be someone's personal Messiah, a Christ to them and bring them to the ultimate Christ, Jesus Messiah of the World. This is how the world see's Christ through us!

Adam, Editor

Thursday, July 26, 2012

Why I Also Left!

o    "Why I Left the Pentecostal Church"

Mike Cornwell



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(2 Tim 3:14). Paul could have been thinking of me when he wrote this verse to a young man named Timothy. I was born into a Pentecostal family of many years. My grandfather preached "fire and brimstone" from the time I could remember until his death in 1968. He was somewhat an intimidating individual who was demanding and abrupt. I was taught that only those who were "chosen" or "called" could ever enter into the "faithful" ministry of our Lord. I never challenged his thinking or his preaching. What he said was like a direct command from Jesus Christ himself. With this in mind, at the age of 12, I was told I was being called into the ministry and preached my first sermon shortly thereafter. I spent a total of 18 years preaching as a "Pentecostal" preacher. I taught the "Jesus Only" doctrine known as the "Apostolic Faith" (United Pentecostal Church).

To this day, my family fully believes that if one is not of the "Lord's true church" that being, saved in baptism in Jesus Name, and filled with the "Holy ghost" with the evidence of "Speaking in Tongues," one is not a Christian and headed for a "Devil's hell." My Grandfather (before his death) preached this 54 years. My stepfather has preached this in excess of 50 years. My brother-in-law and sister "Pastor" a very large Pentecostal church in the Cincinnati, OH area. I have two cousins that are "Pentecostal" preachers. I have been accused of being "In a den of thieves and a pit of vipers," because of my stand on the Word of God and my faithfulness to the Lord's church. My wife and I have been publicly chastised and the atmosphere is very tense when we are visiting with my family. We are shunned by most of my family. We are reminded regularly of (2 Tim 3:12): "Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution."

It was the first Thursday night of October 1984, at the age of 42, when I realized that all that I had been teaching for 18 years as a "Pentecostal" had been "false doctrine" and that I was like the "blind leading the blind." That Thursday night of October 1984 changed my life, my thinking, and my understanding of the "Word of God." I was invited to a "Gospel Meeting" at the Sandstone Drive Church of Christ, Little Rock, AR. (I had never been to a Lord's church in my life.) Chris Bullock, of Kansas City, MO was to be the speaker. I consented to go with the attitude that I would be able to shed some light on his teaching and thus convince others of their wrong. Something happened: what was preached was what I had secretly believed all my adult life. One did not have to come to an "altar," cry out, beg and plead for mercy to receive forgiveness. One did not have to come again to the "altar" to "seek for the infilling of the Holy Spirit," which was promised to believers. One did not have to "utter" confusion in an attempt to show one has the gift of "speaking in tongues."

All one had to do was hear the simple word of truth, believe it, confess Christ as the Son of God, repent of one's sins, and be baptized into the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ for remission of sins. The Lord not only forgives completely but also adds one to the church. This I did in obedience the following Sunday evening. I became a "born again Christian." I gave up my life, my music, even my future dreams, to follow Jesus for the first time in my life. I was on the right path.

It was not until October 1987, when I met Louis Sharp in Little Rock, AR, that I really understood what "faithfulness" really means. As we began to study and learn, I began to realize that the Lord had work for me, as a Christian, to do. I then began to teach and preach the Gospel of Christ. It has now become my life. My desire is to teach those who are in error the truth that they to might become part of this body of Christ.

I. Let Me Tell You Why I Am A Member of The Lord's Church.

A. Pentecostalism traces itself back no further than New Years Eve, 1899. (Topeka, KS). This is when a small group of people supposedly received a "Divine Revelation" for the first time ever recorded.

1. The Lord's church dates back to 33 AD when the 12 disciples received the "Baptism of the Holy Spirit." (Acts 2:4).

2. This was a result of the fulfillment of the promise Jesus gave to his disciples. (Acts 1:8).

3. The Pentecostal church cannot show authority from God's word for its beginning!!

B. Pentecostalism teaches that the "power of the Holy Spirit" fell first on the 120 gathered in the upper room.

1. The Bible teaches that only the 12 disciples received first the "Holy Spirit". (Acts 1:26-2:1).

C. Pentecostalism believes that this power is received today because of the "New Revelation of God" in 1899.

1. The Bible teaches no such thing. (2 Tim 3:16-17).

2. The scripture holds all that man needs to know for his salvation. There are no new revelations.

D. Pentecostalism teaches that in 1914 another revelation was received, revealing that being baptized in "Jesus Name" became tenets of faith. Thus, they produced a law, a formula!

1. That is not what the Bible says. (Mat 28:19-20).

E. We find that in the early half of this century (1900 - 1944) several Pentecostal groups were established. Two of those are: Pentecostal Assemblies of Jesus Christ, Inc., and the Pentecostal Church, Inc. In 1944 these two bodies became known as the UNITED PENTECOSTAL CHURCH. The authority is: Pentecostal Church Manual, pp. 8-10, Foreword.

1. The Bible teaches that the Lord established only one church. (Mat 16:18).

2. This is the only church that Christ and the Apostles ever speak of.

II. What are some of the Pentecostal practices?

A. They claim that through the instrument of the Holy Spirit, miracles and healing incurable diseases occur daily. Silver fillings become Gold, Poor become miraculously rich, Dead are raised, and Sick people instantly healed. I never saw anyone miraculously healed in all the years I was "Pentecostal."

1. I will not limit God. He has the power if he so chooses. Man does not have that power.

2. If he does, where is the proof? They call it: "lack of FAITH."

3. When does the Holy Spirit give to one man this power and not another? That is unscriptural.

a. Only the disciples and those they laid hands on had this power. They are all dead.

B. Pentecostalism teaches that a person may speak in "tongues" while under the influence of the "Holy Spirit" just like Peter and the other Apostles at Pentecost.

1. The only others who were able to do this were Cornelius and his kinfolk (Acts 10:44-46).

2. And those whom the apostles laid their hands on.

3. Don't we all have the continued influence of the Holy Spirit through the word?
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C. "Pentecostalism" espouses religion as a "romantic" philosophy, that the heart of man has reasons which his mind knows not of, and that man's feelings are the highest authority.

1. The Bible is truth. (John 17:17). The truth is not subjective. It does not originate with a person's own thinking. Religion is not based on a "feel good" experience.

a. I get excited sometimes because of the truth. That is natural.

2. The Bible must be read, studied and obeyed. (2 Tim 2:15; John 8:31)

3. The Bible is the absolute, inspired and authoritative Word of God. (2 Tim 3:16-17; 2 Pet 1:20-21).

4. When a man regards his feelings as the basic authority, he is on the wrong path.

5. To reject the Word of God and do "that which is right in our own eyes" is to reject God. (1 Sam 15:22-26; Mat 7:13-14).

6. I feel good about the truth but my feeling good is not authority!

D. "Pentecostalism" teaches that instruments of music are used to "glorify" God in worship.

1. True worship is according to "Spirit and Truth" (John 4:24), the word of God, not Moses, not our feelings, and not what we believe to be right. Jesus will judge us in the Last Day. (John 12:48)

2. Vocal music was repeatedly specified as the kind of worship God wants from Christians. (Col 3:16; Eph 5:19).

3. Christians are to abide in the teachings of Christ, not in man. (2 John 9-10). We are to follow the pattern given by God (Heb 8:5), without adding, subtracting or altering according to our own desires or opinions.

CONCLUSION:

I had read the Bible all my life. I preached that which I had been taught. When I doubted, I was always told of "new revelations" received from God. In the "Pentecostal" church, one is taught that the "Pastor" is the authority within the church, and knowledge is only gained by adherence to "God's man" and in the leading of the "Holy Spirit" directly. Accept that which you doubt with your faith.

Only until I realized that in order to understand the "Gospel" one must study with an open heart prepared to accept the truth of the "Gospel," and with this truth obey the word of God. The Bible really is a simple book to understand, but when man attempts to add to it, his opinion and his feelings, he begins to lose the truth and believe a lie.

Trust this word completely. Obey it! It contains all that man needs to get him into eternity with Jesus Christ.

Sunday, May 6, 2012

Today's Brief Word

I wanted to do a brief look into Hosea 11, my second favorite passage in the bible, and Isaiah 5 (my first favorite).  As a parent chapter 11 of Hosea hits me to the core for I connect with the pain that God displays as a parent and Isaiah 5 because as a sinner I feel sometimes like I am being torn down. 

God, in Hosea 11 and Isaiah 5, is troubled with his child (Israel) and is distraught about punishing them; just as a mortal parent would be distraught about punishing their child.

I feel here in these chapters we see the compassion of God and his love for man.  This so called “God of Wrath” in the Old Testament seems to be disproved time and again in my opinion; however, here it is completely disproved. 

Putting this into modern context; what is it that we can take from it?  That God, although he is quick to anger he is just as quick to mercy.  You might go through things in life, some because it’s life and others because he has to tear us down to build us back up.  However remember he does not seek pleasure in your destruction in fact it is quite the opposite, he is just as torn to see us go through trials as we are to take them on. 

But I leave you with this, remember Hosea 11 and Isaiah 5 the next time you are going through a trial that seems too much to bear.  He hurts as well (according to Hosea 11) and he, although he allows it to happen by tearing down the walls and hedges, is still watching over you (according to Isaiah 5) from the watchtower.
I beseech you therefore the next time while praying for compassion during a trail imagine God saying this to you:
“I created you to tell you I love you
And I am torn to do what I have to, to make you mine”

And then reflect upon these two chapters in the Bible.

God Bless

Friday, May 4, 2012

The Meeting Point of Mercy and Justice; As Explained Through Two Films


“Come now, let us settle the matter,” 
    says the Lord.
“Though your sins are like scarlet,
    they shall be as white as snow; 
though they are red as crimson,
    they shall be like wool.
Isaiah 1:18

            When taking on the task to sit and write this “analysis” of, what seemed to be, two complete opposite takes on the crucifixion event the words did not instantly take on form.  I found myself struggling to find a common theme.  But, then I reminisced upon a lecture given in class on Luke and its telling of Mercy and Justice meeting at the cross.  It was that moment in time, at that very place on Mount Calvary at the feet of Jesus, the Christ, the chosen ben-'adam that justice and mercy met for the first time. It was easy to see where this story was foretold in the film The Passion of The Christ but where was it in The Last Temptation of Christ?
            The Passion of The Christ, a 2004, Mel Gibson film depicting the Passion narrative of Jesus; drawing a little from each Gospel of New Testament Gospels covers the concluding 12 hours of Jesus' life.  It begins with a scene of anguish in the Garden of Gethsemane and culminating with of his resurrection. The film portrays brief flashbacks of the childhood Jesus and some of him as a young man with his mother.  It also hits most of the major events in the life of Christ such as; the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus as a Rabbi to the Twelve Apostles, and at the Last Supper.
            The opening in Gethsemane with Jesus praying and being tempted by Satan, while his apostle’s sleep follows most of the Gospels account. There is then a flash to a scene where one of Jesus' other apostle, Judas, receives thirty pieces of silver.  That same apostle then approaches Jesus with the temple guards and betrays him with a kiss in the immediate following scene.  Guards move in to detain Jesus, Peter, as portrayed in Matthew and John, cuts off the ear of one of them.  
Jesus is then taken to Pilate and after questioning is taken to Herod.  As in Luke, Jesus is silent before Herod.  It is then he is taken to stand before the crowd where a hesitant Pilot is slow to and unwilling to do as the crowd has asked and that of a crucifixion.  After an in depth look into the brutal beating of Jesus, and that struggle to bare his own cross we arrive at the summit of the Mount where he will be hung from his, more so our, cross.  Jesus prays forgiveness for all that did this to him and for the ones hanging next to him. After Jesus gives up his spirit and dies a single drop of rain falls from the sky, triggering an earthquake which destroys the Temple and rips the cloth covering the Holy of Holies in two.  Satan is then shown screaming in defeat. The story ends with Jesus rising from the dead and exiting his tomb.
It is with the prayer of forgiveness and the act of punishment mercy and justice collide in this depiction of the crucifixion of the Messiah.  As Jesus prays for his father to forgive the ones who had just persecuted him, beat him, called for his unjust execution as he hangs for the sins and justice that should be poured out on every other man an event that had never happened before takes shape in the mist of the cosmos; justice and mercy collide for the first time.  A single drop rain marks the occasion with a rumbling that causes destruction, one that would be expected when two monumental forces collide.  The moment being so big, so drastic it causes the Heavens to open up a drop rain and the Earth to split.
It is easy to see where Mel Gibson depicts this one-time event.  However, where does Martin Scorsese’s adaptation of Nikos Kazantzakis’ book do this?  Or does it?  I assert it does!
Like Nikos Kazantzakis’ novel, Martin Scorsese’s film depicts the life of Jesus and his mortal like struggle with innumerable forms of temptation.  These include; fear, doubt, depression, reluctance and lust. The film portrays this by Jesus being tempted by visualizing himself betrothed in sexual activities, marriage, and child rearing.  The movie fully makes note that it departs from the typical Christian canonical portrayal of Jesus and those stories from the Gospels.
The plot covering more than just the last 12 hours of Jesus’ life is too much to get to here in its entirety.  The story opens with Jesus being tortured by this calling he is receiving.  It immediately shows a bond between Jesus and Judas and that of friends.  It then shows the two going to John the Baptist to be baptized and then it is off to the wilderness.  However the reason is for different reasons it looks to suggest there were certain nomadic peoples out there in which he needed to converse with about this calling he feels.  He then goes in to the wilderness alone for 40 days and nights where he is tempted by Satan in the form of a snake. 
After these events he and Judas go to find his disciples.   What is different from the Gospel telling is that Judas knows the others formally, and they are all depicted as members of the Jewish group the Zealots.  I say this because they all want a violent overthrow of the Government (Rome.)  We see Jesus perform his miracles, and even attempt to go through with an insurrection event upon Roman troops.  However, playing with the theme of Jesus not knowing of one event to the next as if there is a cloud of vagueness as if there is knowledge of what will happen next seconds before they play out. 
He then tells Judas what his mission is, and Judas is un-wanting of this call.  The last supper is held and Judas departs only to return with the guards in the garden to detain Jesus.  I must mention however the kiss given to Jesus is one of sincere and love.  The cautiousness to carry out the mission is displayed.  Jesus is then led away only to pick up with him carrying the cross.  He is hung on the cross and it is at this moment Jesus feeling alone, has a temptation that his mission is over.  He is shown what his life would be like if he came down; kids, a wife, and a normal life.  But in the end the mission is more important. 
Where is the meeting of mercy and justice in this portrayal?  I assert it is when he finds out his final mission that’s when Justice hits, and mercy comes sprinting in when he chooses to hang there on the cross knowing he could come down.  That monumental moment is depicted in the film when Jesus chooses to suffer for all and forgive them past, present, and future.  The collision between these too polar opposites happens when a man decided his call to be the slaughtered lamb over his own mortal wants and needs gets the ear of God, his father.  To me it seemed God the father never thought his Son would go through with it.  But, when he did, when Jesus stayed on that cross of the just punishment of all, God’s mercy came in like a flood and collided with justice.
Both films showed and marked an event in history the scholars still struggle to explain; the moment where mercy and justice collide.  This assignment brought out and into light the true meaning of mercy and justice and what it means when they collide.


Thursday, April 12, 2012

Mercy Face to Face!

I found myself praying, and as I usually do while praying I was listening to music.  Today my reason for midday prayer was the feeling that this breaking me to mold me was getting too much to bear.   I felt a defeated spirit. I was tired of not fully understanding his plan, I was tired of being seen by people as the same, and I was most certainly just tired.  Then I remembered a blog that I had wrote a while back that I never posted on a weeping God. I was taken back for a moment, not by some outer body experience or a sweeping up, but rather just a reflection of a plea and promise I made late July of last year. It was then I pleaded with God to change this disgusting man I had become, and I would in turn give him the keys to my life to do with as he sees fit.  I would follow wherever, do whatever, and ask of nothing except that in the end I get back what I lost, something I felt was undoable on my own. It was not promised it would happen to my expectations, but I felt a since of “let me take care of that void.”

Now for a second this idea of coming broken to the throne of God and then asking he give something in return sounds ludacris, however if we see anything in the prophets and stories of old; we see this happened quiet often and today it started to be too much to handle for me.  I was done; I wanted to know something firm, anything.  So I prayed and came to the throne boldly, as Paul said we should, and asked for this to end.  As silly as it may seem I even gave him an ultimatum; stop this and tell me I get what I want in the end or I am done. I just want to know something.

But instead of an answer to my immediate question I received an answer or display of my question of a while back and that of a brokenhearted God and does he exist, can he show emotion?  Instead of wrath for my boldness and sarcastic tone I received mercy.  Instead of damnation and casted out I received grace.  I experienced a side of God I have never seen or felt.  I seen a weeping, heartbroken God.  Then lyrics from the song playing in the background came to the foreground and seemed to act as the dialogue of our conversation.  It sent chills through my body and caused me to weep during and after it was finished.  (Below are the lyrics broken up into the dialogue I felt exchange)  It seemed as my emotions became evident his did as well.  As I got louder he did as well (Hence the capital letters), and as I cried he did too. In all after It was done I felt a since of renewed strength.  I did not get what I was looking for, but I found something more precious, the voice of a merciful God.  Afterwards it was like he then sent an old friend to give some light on a subject she could have known nothing about.  I hope by sharing this someone will find comfort.

Me: My tears run down like razorblades and no, I'm not the one to blame: it's you or is it me? And all the words I never say come out and now I’m ashamed. And there is no sense in playing games, when you've done all you can do. But now it's over, it's over.
God: Why is it over?
Me: We had the chance to make it. Now it's over, It's over.
God: It can't be over!
Me: I wish that I could take it back, but it's over. I lose myself in all these fights; I lose my sense of wrong and right. I cry, I cry. I'm shaking from the pain that's in my head. I just want to crawl into my bed and throw away the life I'd led.
God: But I won't let you die. But I won't let it die.

Me: But it's over, it's over.
God: Why is it over?
Me: We had the chance to make it. Now it's over, It's over.
God: It can't be over!
Me: I wish that I could take it back.
I'm falling apart, I'm falling apart.

God: Don't say this won’t last forever.
You're breaking my heart, you're breaking my heart.
Don't tell me that we will never be together.
We could be over and over, we could be forever.

Me: I'm falling apart, I'm falling apart.
God: Don't say this won’t last forever.  You're breaking my heart, you're breaking my heart.
Don't tell me that we will never be together.  We could be over And over, we could be forever.  It's not over. It's not over, it's never over, unless you let it take you, it's not over, It's not over, it's not over, unless you let it break you.
It's not over.
Me: It's not over. It's not over, it's never over, unless I let it take me, it's not over, It's not over, it's not over, unless I let it break me. It's not over!


Tuesday, March 6, 2012

Breaking Down the Book of Isaiah

The book of Isaiah, 66 chapters of an array of topics and themes that have so much controversy around them.  Now it is widely believed in our Protestant churches that Isaiah is all written by one author.  However as Intellectual Christians we need to read as scholars do, understand as scholars do, and open up our mind like scholars do. 

The book of Isaiah covers over 200 years of time.  It spans from pre exile Judah, to the destruction of Israel and Syria, to the destruction and return to Jerusalem.  Now it is widely taught that Isaiah lived in the first part of the book (chap. 1-39) and prophesied the rest (40-66).  But there are a few problems with that theory.  One Prophets in the Old Testament did not function in this manner.  Prophets were sent as energizers or criticizers to the sitting authority.  When God sent Isaiah to King Ahaz in Chapter 7, what good did it bring to King Ahaz for Isaiah to prophecy about Jesus 735 years down the road?  It doesn’t!  After all the little we know about the 1st author of Isaiah or the author of chapters 1-39, it all plays to the immediate theme.  For example the name of his sons Shear-jashub (a remnant will return) and Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz (Hasten the Plunder, Hurry the Spoil).  Now this isn’t to say Isaiah did not do this but maybe, just maybe it was not the original point.   Plus not to mention the prophecies in the second part (if they are one author) never came to pass. 

I simply contend as many do, the book had three authors.  Now if we divide the book into three like most do, it has a lot of common themes.  But let us look at the differences that tally up.  Below explains why Theologians think three authors wrote three different sections of the book.   Remember we are doing this to expand our minds, never to undercut the religion of Christianity that this book /books helps to serve.   I hope you find this helpful, if there are any questions I will be happy to answer them and if I don’t have the answer I will find it for you.

1st Isaiah                                   2nd Isaiah                                 3rd Isaiah
            Isaiah of Jerusalem                         Isaiah of Exile                    Isaiah post exile
1-39 chapters                                     40-55                                                56-66
                                          Historical Theme
A   a.  Assyria is the dominant threat                a.  Cyrus of Persia is historical             a.  No rulers mentioned
b.      b.   Syria and Israel are also mentioned       b.  Babylonia is still in existent             b.  People are in Israel
c.   c.   Judean kings Ahaz, and Hezekiah          c.   Going back to Egypt                    c. Lang. of temple rebuild
                
 Theological Theme
a.       a.  Oracles of Judgment                               a. Oracles of Salvation                    a. Ethics/religious practice       
b.       b.    Interests in Zion and David line              b. Exodus is often mentioned           b. Structured leadership
c.        c.   Nothing of The Exodus                          c. Emergence of monotheism           c. Insider/outsider policy
                                                                       d. Emphasis on creation/chaos         d. Questions of worship
                                                                                                                              e. Ritual interests

Literary Theme
a.       a.  Narratives and poetry                          a. Poetry texts only                         a.  Israel has come home
b.     b.   Autobiographical verses                      b. Anticipated homecoming             b.  More of a wisdom
c.     c.    Babylon is just a threat                        c. Creation/nature as witness           c.  Ethical concerns